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South Africa |
25ème Anniversaire de la Mort de Stephen (Steve) Bantu Biko |
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18
Janvier 1946, King William's Town, Eastern Cape, South Africa - 12 Janvier 1977,
Pretoria prison cell, South Africa
Il y a 25 ans, Stephen Biko mourait seul, saoûlé de coups et comateux,
dans une cellule de Pretoria et devenait le plus grand martyr de la lutte
contre l'apartheid en Afrique du sud, par son rôle de catalyseur de la
libération noire.
Il n'avait que 30 ans à l'époque, mais son Mouvement de la Conscience Noire
avait enflammé des dizaines de milliers de Sud-Africains, enthousiasmés par
son appel à libérer avant tout leur esprit, avant de libérer le pays. Car,
disait-il, "l'arme la plus puissante dans les mains de l'oppresseur est
l'esprit de l'opprimé".
Né en 1946 à Ginsberg, une township noire près de King William's Town,
Stephen Bantu Biko fût trés tôt "destiné" à combattre l'apartheid: son père
Mzimkhayi fut tué par un policier blanc lors d'un rassemblement militant en
1951.
Expulsé du secondaire pour son attitude "anti-establishment", Steve fit ses
premières armes politiques sur un campus de Durban dans les années 60.
Fédérant des mouvements noirs, impliqué dans des projets de développement
social, l'étudiant en médecine gagna en stature par son éloquence, son
charisme et sa philosophie d'émancipation.
Fondateur du Mouvement de la Conscience Noire, président la Convention du
Peuple Noir, il s'investit à temps plein dans la lutte, après avoir été
exclu de son école médicale. En 1973, ses activités lui valurent d'être
assigné dans sa ville natale de King William's Town. Les autorités ne le
lâcheront plus. Arrêté, détenu et interrogé à maintes reprises jusqu'à cette
interpellation à un barrage fin Janvier 1977.
Pendant plusieurs jours, Biko fut détenu, enchaîné, roué de coups, privé de
soins, au QG de la police de Port Elizabeth. Un traitement inhumain sur
lequel les auditions de la Commission Vérité et Réconciliation firent
lumière en 1997-98, entendant des policiers qui menèrent
"l'interrogatoire".Mais aucun d'entre eux n'admetttra avoir pu porter un
coup fatal. Ils se virent refuser l'amnistie, mais n'ont à ce jour pas été
poursuivis.
Le 11 Janvier, inconscient, Biko était transporté nu à la prison centrale
de Pretoria (à 1.100 km de là), à l'arrière d'une Land Rover. Quelques
heures aprés son arrivée, il décédait de lésions cérébrales sur le sol d'une
cellule de Pretoria. Nu, toujours.
L'émotion et la colère, en Afrique du Sud et à l'étranger, furent immenses.
Donald Woods, rédacteur en chef du respecté Daily Dispatch devenu l'ami de
Biko, fit passer à l'étranger des photos du corps couvert de plaies et
ecchymoses: le ministre de la Police, Jimmy Kruger, avait maintenu qu'il
était mort d'une grève de la faim.
L'exclusion et l'isolement du régime commencèrent pour de bon. Les
gouvernements étrangers les fuyaient, les sanctions étaient imminentes. La
chanson "Biko" de Peter Gabriel, fit le tour du monde, et "Cry Freedom",
film sur sa vie réalisé en 1987 par Richard Attenborough (avec Denzel
Washington, Kevin Kline) sur la base d'un livre de Woods, exilé, généra
larmes et sympathie anti-apartheid dans le monde.
Avec cette vague mondiale, autant que pour la conviction, alors renforcée en
Afrique du Sud, que la violence répondrait à la violence, beaucoup
considèrent avec le recul la mort de Biko comme "un point de non-retour", la
goutte d'eau qui fit déborder le vase, le début de la fin de l'apartheid.
Donnant ainsi raison à Biko lui-même.
Trois mois avant sa mort, il déclarait: soit tu es vivant et fier, soit tu
es mort, et quand tu es mort, tu ne peux plus t'en soucier. Et ta façon de
mourir peut elle même être une chose politique (...) car si je n'arrive pas
dans la vie à soulever la montagne de l'apartheid, sûrement l'horreur de la
mort y parviendra". (source AFP 2002)
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+ (diaporama)
Slideshow of the funeral of Steve Biko
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December 18, 1946. King William's Town, Eastern Cape, South Africa - September 12, 1977.
Pretoria prison cell, South Africa
"We have set on a quest for true humanity, and somewhere on the distant
horison we can see the glittering prize. Let us march forth with courage and
determination, drawing strength from our common plight and brotherhood. In
time we shall be in a position to bestow upon South Africa the greatest gift
possible - a more human face". Steve Biko.
The above quotation from Steve Biko's essay:"Black Consciousness - A Quest
for a True Humanity", perhaps encapsulates his mind frame and the role that
he set himself towards the betterment of his people, given their experience,
which he shared.
Bantu Stephen Biko was born in Kingwilliamstown on the 18th December 1946,
the third son of the late Mr & Mrs Mzimgayi Biko.
He did his primary schooling in Kingwilliamstown. His secondary schooling
was virtually all done at the Marianhill Secondary School in Kwazulu.
He entered the Medical School of the University of Natal(Black Section) in
1966. This is where he broke his political teeth.
Biko gave up what could have been a comfortable and affluent life of the
stethoscope to selflessly work for the total liberation of his people.
He and his colleagues founded the South African Students' Organisation(SASO)
in 1968. He was elected the first President of the organisation at its
inaugural congress held at Turfloop in 1969. This organisation was borne out
of the frustrations Black students encountered within the multi-racial NUSAS
and geared itself at addressing those frustrations and problems of black
students and black people generally.
But the black students, under his leadership, went on to further argue that
they were black before they were students and argued for a black political
organisation in the country. Opinion was canvassed and finally the
organisation, the Black People's Convention (BPC), was founded in July 1972
and inaugurated in December of the same year.
Through his inspiration, the youth of the country at high school level were
mobilised and this resulted in the formation of the South African Students'
Movement (SASM). This is the Movement that played a pivotal role in the 1976
Uprisings, which accelerated the course of our liberation struggle.
The other formation was the National Association of Youth Organisations (NAYO),
which catered for the youth generally.
He was instrumental in the formation of one of SASO's projects, the Black
Workers' Project (BWP) which was co-sponsored by the Black Community
Programmes (BCP) for which Steve worked. This project addressed problems of
Black workers whose unions were then not recognised in law.
After serving as President, Biko was elected Publications Director of SASO
where he wrote prolifically under the pen name Frank Talk in the SASO
Newsletter.
On leaving the Medical School in 1972 - from which he was expelled, Steve
joined the BCP, which he co-founded, in their Durban offices.
This organisation engaged in a number of community based projects and
published a yearly, Black Review, which was an analysis of political trends
in the country.
In March 1973 he was banned and restricted to Kingwilliamstown. There he set
up a BCP office where he worked as a Branch Executive. But soon his banning
order was amended to prohibit him from working or associating with the BCP.
The BCP did well however, building a clinic, the Zanempilo Clinic, and a
creche, both of which were very popular.
Despite the inconvenience brought about by the restriction order, Steve was
instrumental in the founding of the Zimele Trust Fund in 1975. This was set
up to assist political prisoners and their families. This was another
example of the man's resolve and his indestructible black pride.
In Ginsberg, he set up the Ginsberg Educational Trust to assist black
students.
In January 1977, the Black People's Convention (BPC), in recognition of his
momentous contribution to the liberation struggle, unanimously elected him
its Honorary President.
In his short but remarkable political life, Steve was always a target of the
"system". He was frequently harassed and detained under the country's
notorious security legislation.
On the 18th August 1977, he was arrested in a police roadblock with his
colleague and comrade, Peter Cyril Jones and detained under Section 6 of the
nefarious Terrorism Act.
Steve and Peter had in fact been to Cape Town, despite Steve's banning, to
lend their weight to efforts to get all political organisations of the
people to agree to a broader programme of co-operation to advance our
course. His quest for black unity was eventually to cost him his life.
That is the kind of man Steve was, no price was ever too high for him if
what was asked of him was to advance the struggle.
Unfortunately, this detention rudely interrupted Steve's noble journey in
his quest for a true humanity. His death in detention at the hands of the
operatives of one the most savage and repressive regimes ever known to
humankind, less than a month after his detention, robbed the country of one
of its foremost political thinkers and analysts.
But, he did us proud as people, because even in the face of his death, he
remained dignified. The man died on his feet and not on his knees as the
enemy would have loved. (Compiled by Mpotseng Jairus Kgokong)
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Plus
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Sites Internet
>
Steve Biko
> Steve Biko Foundation
> Azanian People's Organisation
(AZAPO)
> South African history and
education
> Truth and Reconciliation
Commission
>
The Steve Biko Memorial
Homepage
>
Daily Dispatch L'un des plus
mythique quotidien sud africain, fondé par le journaliste et militant
anti-apartheid Donald Woods
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Lire
> (in english)
I Write What I Like : A Selection of His Writings
de Steve Biko, Biko, Aelred Stubbs, includes a preface by Archbishop
Desmond Tutu
> Film
Cry Freedom
l'histoire de Steven Biko et de Kevin Kline
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